Communicative Intent in Autistic Children

Communicative Intent is critical for developing communication skills. In typical children the desire to communicate wants and desires is innate: even if they have impaired hearing, they will indicate wants and desires through eye gaze, pointing, even vocalizations. Many children with disabilities, especially developmental delays and autism spectrum disorders, are not hard-wired to respond to other individuals in their environment.  They may also lack Theory of Mind, or the ability to understand that other people have thoughts that are separate from their own.  They may even believe that other people are thinking what they are thinking, and may get angry because significant adults do not know what is happening. Children Who Lack Communicative Intent Children with autism spectrum disorders, especially children with apraxia (difficulty with forming words and sounds) may even show less interest than skill in communication. They may have difficulty understanding agency -- the ability of an individual to impact his or her environment. Sometimes loving parents will over-function for a child, anticipating his (most often) or her every need.  Their desire to care for their child may eliminate opportunities for the children to express intent.  The failure to support building communicative intent may also lead to maladaptive or violent behavior, as the child wants to communicate, but significant others have not been attending to the child. Another behavior that masks a childs lack of communicative intent is echolalia.  Echolalia is when a child will repeat what he or she hears on the television, from an important adult, or on a favorite recording.  Children who have speech may not actually be expressing desires or thoughts, merely repeating something they have heard.  In order to move a child from echolalia to intent, it is important for the parent/therapist/teacher to create situations where the child must communicate. Developing Communicative Intent Communicative intent can be developed by letting children see preferred items but blocking their access to those same items. They can learn to point or perhaps exchange a picture for the item (PECS, Picture Exchange Communication System.) However the communicative intent is developed, it will be reflected in a childs repeated attempt to acquire something he or she wants. Once a child has found a means to express communicative intent by pointing, by bringing a picture, or by uttering an approximation, he or she has their foot on the first step toward communication.  Speech pathologists may support teachers or other therapy providers (ABA, or TEACCH, perhaps) to assess whether the child will be able to produce vocalizations that they can control and shape into understandable utterances. Example Jason Clarke, the BCBA in charge of Justins ABA therapy, was concerned that Justin spent most of his time in self-stimulatory behavior, and seemed to show little communicative intent during his observation of Justin in his home.

The Space Of Space Exploration - 940 Words

Space Exploration Space exploration tends to be a subject that is arguable to Americans as we pride ourselves in boasting over every single one of our advancements. We progressed upon our predecessors such as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin: the ones that ventured into an unknown world. Their courage led us to achievements that have led our future to unsurpassable heights. I find myself almost having a vivid image of the moon landing in 1969 even though I would not be born for almost 30 years. As Neil Armstrong plants the flag for the future ahead of him, his quote â€Å"One small step for man, One giant leap for mankind† seems to echo in my mind. No doubt that every American knows of this lasting motif of patriotism from this day. Space exploration is not just tales that fantasize the human imagination; we need to recognize the affairs associated with it and then weigh the consequences. The issues that affect us, are the economics of the space program, the deep belief of patri otism, and the unity of the countries that it impacts. First and foremost, the economics of our country are a vital factor to think about when discussing the issues of space exploration. The country as a whole is already in an unbelievable amount of debt, so we need to argue that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) program is not a lavish unneeded field. Of every dollar spent on federal programs, only 6 cents is used on a section of all the other programs where space and technology isShow MoreRelatedThe Space Of Space Exploration1254 Words   |  6 PagesSpace a waste?!!? Throughout the years there has been an increase in people against the idea of space exploration they believe it is foolhardy and a waste of money. Though space travel in not wasting money or blindly throwing resources away. Space exploration is an investment as we progress forward and continue to develop as a society, it will serve as a stepping stone in human expansion and help human’s learn more about their capabilities and limitations. Overpopulation Overpopulation has beenRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration Essay1913 Words   |  8 Pagesconcept of space exploration was first introduced to the American public in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy famously stood before congress and vowed that America would put a man on the moon â€Å"within the decade.† With hopes of defeating the Soviet Union in the â€Å"Space Race† and gaining a leg-up in the Cold War, NASA funding reached its all-time high in 1965-1966 when about four percent of the federal budget was devoted to exploring space. Since then however, funding dedicated to exploring space has nose-divedRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1207 Words   |  5 Pages Keep Spreading Human Footprints into the Space The space is always full of mysteries embellished with humans’ fantasy. Developing from the ancient theory of â€Å"round sky and square earth† to the Big Bang theory and even sending astronauts to other planets, humans use their intelligence to satisfy their curiosity towards the universe. The new discoveries and achievements along with the space programs show the competence of humans and prove the necessity to keep exploring the universe with human. AlthoughRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1464 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Because our future depends on it, humanity must continue to invest in space exploration.. Technologies from the space program can be used to benefit the world and everyday life. Space flight encourages scientific aspirations and therefore more college educated people. The answers to the most deep-rooted questions of humanity lie in space. Who are we, why are we here? Are we alone? Why spend money on spaceflight when we have plenty of problems here on earth? The money that we spend on spaceflightRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration2341 Words   |  10 PagesSpace exploration has opened up so many new aspects to what is really out there and we have accomplished many things in terms of discovery and proof. There are issues involved with space exploration, though, such as space debris, astronaut safety, and the theory of space exploration really being a mission to find an alternative livable space if Earth ever becomes uninhabitable. Understanding the real reasons why we are going t o such great lengths to find life in space could change the outlook onRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration Essay2288 Words   |  10 Pagestriumphs in the fields of space exploration and aeronautics. The forefront of this â€Å"Space Race† arguably began with the Sputnik, a Russian artificial satellite launched in the late 1950’s. Following the launch of Sputnik 1, the genesis of American competitive space exploration built roots in the formation of NASA under the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 under a premise of competitive space exploration and continued discoveryRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1982 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Since the beginning of the Space Race between the US and USSR, human civilization began to step forward into a new era of space exploration. Numerous artificial objects were sent onto the earth orbits for various purposes. Their existence brought human race a broader vision and deeper understanding upon the outer space. However, many of them and parts remain in space. Some were retired and deserted, and some shattered into pieces. More and more have realized that,these out-of-controlRead MoreThe Space And Space Exploration844 Words   |  4 Pagesstood out because of his many plans and policies on space exploration. Ted Cruz has spoken of what he plans on doing if he were to become president. He plans on developing a rocket and capsule that can take astronauts clear into Mars early as 2030. He adds that this is a crucial part in space exploration and developing NASA in to full capacity. The project which will cost billions of dollars will further advance the United States into the s uperior space program over any other country in the world. WhileRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1787 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever wondered how space exploration impacts your daily life? Space exploration is â€Å"the investigation, by means of manned and unmanned spacecraft, of the reaches of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere and the use of the information so gained to increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit humanity† (Logsdon). A spacecraft is a vehicle designed for travel or operation in space beyond the earth s atmosphere or in orbit around the Earth. (dictionary.com). Advances in technology in the 20thRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration2152 Words   |  9 Pagescost of space exploration is too high, and therefore new technological developments should be left to the private sector rather than the taxpayers pockets. Some feel that the funding of NASA and space exploration is no longer necessary or important, but whether funded privately or b the government, funding of space exploration is imperative because NASA is essentially the only agency with the technological capabilities to support aircraft manufacturing, air safety, and air transportation. Space exploration

Principles of Criminal Law and Business Law

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Criminal Law and Business Law. Answer: Introduction: One of the trials that have been ongoing in the recent past and had and a judgment made in the recent past is that of Michael Geoffrey Hutchison who was accused of murdering his wife. The defendant had been charged with killing his wife in the march of 2015 after she went missing. There have been many incidences that have come within the trial, but the judgment made it clear that Michael was not guilty of murder as charged but rather manslaughter. Michael had been accused of killing his wife after he found out that she was about to know the details him mortgaging their family house without first consulting her (Smith, 2017). However, there was no sufficient evidence to link the defendant to the murder, and thus there was the need to acquit him of the offense. However, a few details from his past whereby he claimed to have fraudulently obtained about $30000 from Barclays finance limited resulted to his credibility being brought into books. Michaels father who was also brought to the t rial as a witness claimed that his son had told him that he had disposed the body but could not altogether state where the body was buried. It is crucial to note that at this point, the police and other investigations bodies have not been able to recover the body for further forensic analysis. This issue complicates the issue since there is a lack of evidence to support the case brought forward by the defendant. The court ruled for the defendant exonerating him from the murder accusation but stating that he was guilty of manslaughter There are some key legal issues that need to be proven in this situation to understand whether the defendant was guilty of murder or not. One of the key legal issues that were a matter of contention, in this case, is that of Mens Rea. Mens Rea is described as the guilty mind that pushes one to commit a crime (Moore, 2010). In each and every crime that takes place, the individual accused must have planned before hand to undertake the action. This state of the mind that places one in such a situation is what leads the person to commit the crime, and the prosecutor must be able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had pre-planned the action (Asworth Horder, 2013). In this scenario, there is no evidence presented to the jury to showcase that Michael had pre- planned to kill his wife while taking the mortgage. It is also essential to understand that by taking the mortgage, the action has no direct relation to the death or disappearance of the wife. Although the defendant had previous cases of crime, there was no evidence linking him with engaging in a physical confrontation but rather fraud. The precedence of the DPP V Morgan required the court to understand the intention of the piece of legislation rather than trying to impose it on defendants (Farmer, 2017). The prosecution also needs to showcase the how past activities may have led to the crime having to take place. The other legal issue that requires being identified in this case is that of Actus Reus. Actus Reus is described as the criminal act that occurred. For a crime to take place their need to ensure that a criminal offense took place (Lanham et al., 2006). One cannot be claimed to have committed a crime in any case the actual action cannot be proven. In the case, presented the prosecution cannot show that the actual action took place and are accusing the defendant just out of assumptions. The prosecution must also present evidence to the court that aims to prove that the accused took part in the crime (Saree, 2016). The other factor that is considered in determining whether an act was a crime is determining whether it voluntary or not. It is important to understand that if a person undertook an action involuntarily, they could not be blamed for the same. It is also very essential to ensure that Michael, the defendant is undertaken for psychological tests to determine whether his mind is in stable condition. This is because this can work in his defense if he is found to have some mental instability (Wondemaghen, 2014). One of the important factors that should be noted is that Mens Rea and Actus Reus go hand in hand and they must be proven for a person to be found guilty. The absence of one from the proceedings relegates the same from being a crime. To deal with this issue, I would take several approaches. One of the approaches I would undertake is ensuring that there are witnesses and sufficient evidence. As far as this case is concerned no sufficient evidence that was presented. Therefore, it would be an injustice to have the defendant being found guilty. The prosecution has the mandate to ensure that the jury is convoked beyond any reasonable doubt. In this case, the court acquitted the defendant of the murder charges but found him culpable of manslaughter. In consideration of the judgment, I think the jury was right to acquit the defendant of murder charges; however, they should also have had him acquitted of the manslaughter charges. This is because there was no evidence whatsoever that linked the defendant to the murder of the victim and has the proceedings showcase the victim disappeared, and no one is sure of her death. This is based on legal requirements that need the same to be proven before one can be found guilty of a crime (Quilter, 2014). References Smith,L. (2017, March 22). Retrieved from www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/crime-and-justice/townsville-jury-reaches-verdict-in-hutchinson-murder-trial/news-story/586c223a7d51c7e06efddb00b5ac1f59 Moore, N. J. (2010). Mens Rea Standards in Lawyer Disciplinary Codes.Geo. J. Legal Ethics,23, 1. Ashworth, A., Horder, J. (2013).Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press. Lanham, D., Wood, D., Bartal, B., Evans, R. (2006).Criminal laws in Australia. Federation Press. Sarre, R. (2016). Recent legal developments in Australia.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,49(1), 152-156. Wondemaghen, M. (2014). Depressed but not legally mentally impaired.International journal of law and psychiatry,37(2), 160-167. Quilter, J. (2014). One-punch laws, mandatory minimums and'alcohol-fuelled'as an aggravating factor: implications for NSW criminal law. Farmer, L. (2017). DPP v. Morgan.

MotoPress Page Builder + Zerif Lite / PRO Integration How to Do It

This is a guest contribution by MotoPress. The guys from MotoPress have built a completely custom plugin to help with the integration of our most popular free one-page theme Zerif Lite and the MotoPress Page Builder one of the most popular drag-and-drop builder plugins out there. The new plugin adds Zerif styles to all content elements available  via the  MotoPress Page Builder.Enter  MotoPressIts not much a surprise that the Zerif theme for WordPress is one of the trusted leaders in the industry. Its stylish, flexible and feature-rich. Chances are, you noticed that its both PRO  and Lite  versions constantly appear in a variety of roundups. And probably youre one among thousands of users who are already successfully using it for a startup or an established company.Now, how can you get even more from your beautiful Zerif theme? Many ways, I believe. But the one I want to present today is a significant enhancement of your customization experience.Meet a powerful free plug in to empower your version of Zerif: MotoPress Page Builder Lite. WordPress Page Builder by MotoPress Author(s): MotoPressCurrent Version: 3.0.5Last Updated: October 15, 2019motopress-content-editor-lite.zip 96%Ratings 233,197Downloads WP 3.6+Requires And its custom add-on plugin that enables you to use Zerif styles: Zerif MotoPress Page Builder Integration Author(s): MotoPressCurrent Version: 1.0.1Last Updated: May 13, 2019mp-zerif.zip 0%Ratings 4,193Downloads WP 3.6+Requires Whats MotoPress Page Builder Lite?In short, thats a great user-friendly tool to provide a customization leg up for any WordPress site. To rephrase, MotoPress Page Builder is one of the strong competitors among currently popular WordPress drag-and-drop builders aiming to help non-techs create professional pages and posts with all the necessary functionality.Apart from tons of features and available content elements, its main standout is an ability to edit a website right on the front-end. It giv es you a chance to instantly see how your live website page will look after publishing.Need more details of how it can enhance your work with the Zerif theme? Lets elaborate:The builder offers multiple predefined layouts, the shape of which can be easily changed by simple stretching plus an ability to build your own layouts with drag drop using a range of available elements.It comes with a built-in Style Builder to perfect all needed content elements with the needed styles visually without any technical help Zerif styles included.Collection of Google web fonts at your hand.Multiple ready-to-use content modules that are added to the page by simple dragging.Full height and width of the rows/columns available.Parallax effects.WPML compatibility.WooCommerce ready.And yes, all this is free! You can download the plugin  from  the official WordPress.org repository (links above). If you have  any questions, you may address a detailed documentation any time. If you like how it works, remember that a Pro version ($29) is also available: it includes more options and comes with an ability to extend your editor with more multipurpose premium addons.Show me some examples!Okay, lets illustrate the main advantages of the builder and Zerif theme integration with examples.Multiple content elements are at your disposal:1. Text, title, quote, icon, paragraph, list, members content, etc.Each of the elements is supplied with the appropriate toolkit to help you personalize it.  The following screenshot shows a couple of features combined: text, different titles and image (full-width):2. Image, slider, grid gallery, MotoPress slider.These elements will help you structure your imagery, portfolio, galleries, sliders literally in minutes: just choose the needed element, drag it to the page and fill in with custom content and additional elements (if required).As an example, choosing a full-width page template, you can add your images or a gallery to a clutter-free page. Like th is one (tasty grid gallery):Depending on your requirements, you can set the images to be equal in sizes or to show their initial sizes in a grid gallery.3. Button, button group, download button, social share buttons, social buttonsWhen you add and edit any button, open a button style editor and switch between the Settings and Styles tabs to apply the needed changes: change button text and link, set icon and alignment, choose the style, and set spaces.For example, I chose one of the predefined MotoPress Page builder layouts called Product page and added  some test content (CC0 images, default text and buttons). In the screenshot below, you can see some settings of the button style, including Theme Red, Theme Yellow and other Zerif theme styles (this is the Full width with no title template):4. Video, audioYou can either embed your Youtube /  Vimeo video into the page or set it as a background still one of hot web design trends to engage your visitors! As for background video, th e format of video sources may be different (WEBM, MP4, OGV). You can also select a specific image to cover your video and apply more settings (e.g. repeat, mute, etc.).This example shows a couple of added videos, plus some default content with read more pages:5. Posts grid, accordion, call to action, space, service box, table, Google map, charts, tabs, splash screen, countdown timerThose  aim to satisfy your conversion-boosting purposes, create responsive tables and charts to properly show all needed business statistics, advertise smartly with non-blatant splash screen widgets, increase traffic and conversions with a countdown timer, etc.To show some example, this time I chose a standard blog template, so all of the archives are visible on the right. These are slider plus services box elements you are able to change the icons, colors, spacing and almost everything to properly present your ideas:Here is another example of a feature box on the full-width background (plus tabs):Moto Press Page Builder also lets you add some clean-looking calls-to-action, where you are free to update all text content, pick shape and style (choosing from the builder custom styles and Zerif theme styles), set width or manually stretch the block, select button position, apply a link, choose button shape size, apply animation, and more.Just a couple of quick examples:If you deal with online shopping and use discounts, a countdown timer can come in handy. It creates a sense of urgency and makes your shoppers act  faster. With the free version of the builder, you get the following style of the countdown timer (colors are customizable):By the way, all of that is free. Why not grab it for a  test-drive?How to get started? Download, install and activate:The  Zerif Lite theme.The  MotoPress Page Builder Lite plugin.The  Zerif MotoPress Page Builder Integration  plugin to adjust the builder to Zerif  theme styles.Then, open a new page/post  » from the drop-down menu choos e a page template  » click the Edit with MotoPress button.Youre done!Some useful pieces of info:Both the  MotoPress Page Builder  plugin and the Zerif MotoPress Page Builder Integration plugin  fully support Zerif Lite and Zerif PRO.You get Zerif integration no matter if youre using the  MotoPress Page Builder Lite or Pro.Apart from that, both MotoPress Page Builder Lite  and  Pro  can be used with any other WordPress theme.If something still looks fuzzy, speak your mind in the comments!

Religion in Brazil Essay Example

Religion in Brazil Essay Example Religion in Brazil Essay Religion in Brazil Essay Brazil, or  officially the  Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in both  South America  and the  Latin America  region. It is the worlds fifth largest country, both bygeographical area  and  by population over 190 million people   It is the largest  Lusophone, or portugese-speaking,  country in the world, and the only one in the Americas. Religion plays a major role in the lives of most of the people in this largest South American county. Here are some interesting Brazil facts: Around ninety percent of this population identifies with some sort of religion,   making it more religiously inclined than any other South American country. Only around 1% of its population do not believe in a God, or a supreme being in some form or another. The Brazilian Constitution of 1889 declared that there was no  official  religion in Brazil, so everyone was free to believe as they liked. That’s why, just like the USA, Brazil can practice freedom of religion according to the newest constitution that was adopted in 1988. Brazil’s religious make-up can be traced to the diverse groups of people who came in various forms – natives, invaders, immigrants, and slaves. In terms of Christian religions, the main churches in Brazil are: Catholic Protestant Methodist Episcopal Pentecostal Lutheran Baptist Its religious inclination is also extremely diverse, despite the fact that around three-quarters of the population claim to be Roman Catholics. In fact, there are more Catholics in Brazil than in any other country in the world. The Portuguese brought with them, not just the language (this  medical tourism   hub is the only  country  inSouth America  not dominated by Spanish), but also Roman Catholicism. Catholicism was introduced to Brazil when the European settlers arrived with the aim of ‘civilising’ the local native people. They built churches and brought religious leaders into the country to teach young and old alike the doctrines of Catholicism. During the 19th century, Catholicism was made the official religion of Brazil. This meant that Catholic priests were paid a salary by the government, including them in the political affairs of the country. As such, Catholicism became an integral part of the management and administration of Brazil and its people. Many of the Brazilian festivals are based on the Catholic religion. Protestantism is the second largest branch in Brazil religion. Those who are Christian but not Catholic are considered Protestant. Only about 15% of Brazilians claim to follow a Protestant faith of some kind. There are many branches of Christianity in Brazil. Among them the most popular are Baptist, Methodist, Neo-Pentecostalists, Old Pentecostalists, Presbyterian, Anglican and Episcopal Churches. Other Protestant beliefs and offshoots that make up smaller portions of Christians are Kardecist, Lutherans. The largest population of Protestants are found in North, Central-West and Southeast Brazil. The Church Of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  is the third largest Brazil religion. They boast a membership of over one million one hundred thousand with almost two thousand congregations and 309 family history centers. Five temples are stretched across Brazil. Jehovahs Witnesses  is the fourth largest religion in Brazil. They have over 700,000 members. Eastern Orthodox  makes up the fifth largest religion in the country with over 500,000 members that came over with their Armenian, Greek, Lebanese, Russian, Syrian and Ukrainian immigrants in the past one hundred years. When the Portuguese landed in Brazil, the  country  was populated by native  Indians who had their own traditional religious practices. In the regions just north of Bahia, indigenous tribes still practice the Catimbo religion; a sect that is heavily influenced by spirits, shamanism, and omens. When African slaves began to be imported into Brazil, they brought with them their religious practices, many of which involved invoking the gods through chants or dances. Over time, these Afro Brazilian religious practices began mingling with Catholic and Protestant influences to create synthetic religions. Some of the more  popular  exponents  include  Candomble, which has a huge following in urban centers like  Rio de Janeiro, and Umbanda. Spiritism is also one of the significant, although minor, religions in Brazil. Spiritistic practices are based largely on ancient Amerindian cultures as well as the influence of the African cultures and customs that were introduced centuries ago, when slaves were brought over to Brazil from the ‘Dark Continent’ of Africa. Such tribes and cultures were particularly inclined towards the worship of spirits since they had not been influenced by more structured notions of creation, which hailed from a reliance on the teachings of Bible. The religions or belief systems found in Brazil other than the ones above include: * Muslims * Methodists * Episcopalians * Buddhists * Ayahuasca * Afro-Brazilian religions Xango, Batuque, Umbanda, Tambor de Mina * Hinduism * Islamists * Shinto believers * Judaists * Rastafarian * Brazil Religion Makes the Country Unique Every part of the country has been uniquely shaped by the religion practiced there. Celebrations, festivals, traditions, and customs are all practiced due to some religious or spiritual beginnings and purposes. For example, During the Holy Week before Easter, several Brazilian cities will celebrate Corpus Christi by artistically creating mosaics or carpets on the streets using mediums like flour, flower petals, shavings of wood, and coffee grounds. The results are stunning and a memorable way to celebrate this holy time of the year. The music, dancing, chanting, singing, or other activities all stem from one faith or another and make the people who they are. The entire culture of the Brazilian people is intertwined with religion or faith in some way. No wonder theyre such an amazing, diverse, and wonderful people!

Google in china Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google in china - Case Study Example In return, the users have viewed its advertisement messages and images. As Google aims at making information useful and acceptable via its search engine, the online community has been useful to the company in promoting its performance and competitiveness within the global market. The company’s mission has also allowed it to participate in circumventing censorship of information by governments. The success of implementing the marketing strategy within Google is determined by its effectiveness in promoting access to information by societies, especially in countries, such as China, where the government is determined to suppress access (Jones, 2011). It is however notable that Google’s China operations are not aligned to its mission. In its endeavor to make information useful and acceptable within China, the company has been limited by the censorship of the government. Regardless of the dilemma surrounding the company’s values, principles and mission, the company entered the Chinese market. The company’s entry into China was motivated by the irresistible and large Chinese market, which would promote its advertising revenue. After Google’s online services in China were restored, the company officials claimed that it had not changed anything in its service offering (Jones, 2011). Users were hopeful that the company was able to maintain its mission for enhanced access to useful and acceptable information via its search engine. Nevertheless, the company’s users in China realized that they could not access some information. This revealed that the company’s searches were being censored even more by the government. For instance, sites on political information would not be accessed. These illustrations reveal that Google’s Chinese operations were not congruent with its mission. This is due to the fact that the information that was acceptable and useful to the Chinese people was still

The Political Economy of Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Political Economy of Japan - Essay Example His paper highlighted the remarkable transformation of Japanese business practices. Japanese corporations have adapted the "Choose and Focus" strategy which "enabled Japan's leading corporations, previously diversified to an exceptionally high degree, to become leaner, more nimble, and more competitive at home and in the global economy" (Schaede 2008). They did this by shedding non-core businesses and by repositioning for leadership in targeted technologies. This strategy was said to be completely opposite to Japan's previous industrial architecture but it has surprisingly created fresh market opportunities both for start-up enterprise and for foreign investors (Schaede 2008). It has challenged existing companies out of mediocrity and complacency, through series of mergers, acquisition and hostile take-overs (Schaede 2008). More importantly, this transformation was observed to have been rooted in the component and material industries rather than in consumer products (Schaede 2008). G enerally, the more lean Japanese business has proven to be an effective and competitive strategy and this is the fundamental transformation that the author is talking about. Another social scientist, T.J Pempel mentioned about fundamental transformation in the Japanese economy. It is our goal in this paper to examine if what T.J Pempel refers as a fundamental transformation is the same as that of Schaede's. Pempel mentioned at least three changes in Japan, things with regard to its political system, to its economy and to its international relations. In the political arena, the noticeable internal fragmentation of the Liberal Democratic Party, its loss of a parliamentary majority and executive control, and the introduction of a new electoral system for the Lower House of the Diet has spelled the end of the party (Pempel, 1998). Second of these changes is the economic slowdown of the once forward-heading economy. These economic turnaround from an unrelenting success was brought by the collapse of both the stock and land prices, five years of almost zero growth, international downgrading of the Japanese bonds and the collapse of numerous financial institutions among others (Pempel 1998). He also mentioned the changes in international relation, with particular focus on an apparent sibling rivalry with the United States primarily triggered by the economic competition. This competition was sh own in series of trade and market disputes. Since the paper of T.J Pempel was written a decade before that of Schaede, we can say that they are talking about different scenarios and different type of transformation. But, it is analytically obvious that the Japanese transformation mentioned by Ulrike Schaede had its origin in the political, economic and international relations changes by Pempel. Therefore, they are not mutually incompatible arguments but are complimentary. In fact, the 2008 paper of Schaede is a support to the premises of Pempel, revealing that Japan was able to move forward from the transformation that it experienced a decade ago. The fundamental business transformation of Japan was a