Communicative Intent in Autistic Children

Communicative Intent is critical for developing communication skills. In typical children the desire to communicate wants and desires is innate: even if they have impaired hearing, they will indicate wants and desires through eye gaze, pointing, even vocalizations. Many children with disabilities, especially developmental delays and autism spectrum disorders, are not hard-wired to respond to other individuals in their environment.  They may also lack Theory of Mind, or the ability to understand that other people have thoughts that are separate from their own.  They may even believe that other people are thinking what they are thinking, and may get angry because significant adults do not know what is happening. Children Who Lack Communicative Intent Children with autism spectrum disorders, especially children with apraxia (difficulty with forming words and sounds) may even show less interest than skill in communication. They may have difficulty understanding agency -- the ability of an individual to impact his or her environment. Sometimes loving parents will over-function for a child, anticipating his (most often) or her every need.  Their desire to care for their child may eliminate opportunities for the children to express intent.  The failure to support building communicative intent may also lead to maladaptive or violent behavior, as the child wants to communicate, but significant others have not been attending to the child. Another behavior that masks a childs lack of communicative intent is echolalia.  Echolalia is when a child will repeat what he or she hears on the television, from an important adult, or on a favorite recording.  Children who have speech may not actually be expressing desires or thoughts, merely repeating something they have heard.  In order to move a child from echolalia to intent, it is important for the parent/therapist/teacher to create situations where the child must communicate. Developing Communicative Intent Communicative intent can be developed by letting children see preferred items but blocking their access to those same items. They can learn to point or perhaps exchange a picture for the item (PECS, Picture Exchange Communication System.) However the communicative intent is developed, it will be reflected in a childs repeated attempt to acquire something he or she wants. Once a child has found a means to express communicative intent by pointing, by bringing a picture, or by uttering an approximation, he or she has their foot on the first step toward communication.  Speech pathologists may support teachers or other therapy providers (ABA, or TEACCH, perhaps) to assess whether the child will be able to produce vocalizations that they can control and shape into understandable utterances. Example Jason Clarke, the BCBA in charge of Justins ABA therapy, was concerned that Justin spent most of his time in self-stimulatory behavior, and seemed to show little communicative intent during his observation of Justin in his home.

The Space Of Space Exploration - 940 Words

Space Exploration Space exploration tends to be a subject that is arguable to Americans as we pride ourselves in boasting over every single one of our advancements. We progressed upon our predecessors such as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin: the ones that ventured into an unknown world. Their courage led us to achievements that have led our future to unsurpassable heights. I find myself almost having a vivid image of the moon landing in 1969 even though I would not be born for almost 30 years. As Neil Armstrong plants the flag for the future ahead of him, his quote â€Å"One small step for man, One giant leap for mankind† seems to echo in my mind. No doubt that every American knows of this lasting motif of patriotism from this day. Space exploration is not just tales that fantasize the human imagination; we need to recognize the affairs associated with it and then weigh the consequences. The issues that affect us, are the economics of the space program, the deep belief of patri otism, and the unity of the countries that it impacts. First and foremost, the economics of our country are a vital factor to think about when discussing the issues of space exploration. The country as a whole is already in an unbelievable amount of debt, so we need to argue that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) program is not a lavish unneeded field. Of every dollar spent on federal programs, only 6 cents is used on a section of all the other programs where space and technology isShow MoreRelatedThe Space Of Space Exploration1254 Words   |  6 PagesSpace a waste?!!? Throughout the years there has been an increase in people against the idea of space exploration they believe it is foolhardy and a waste of money. Though space travel in not wasting money or blindly throwing resources away. Space exploration is an investment as we progress forward and continue to develop as a society, it will serve as a stepping stone in human expansion and help human’s learn more about their capabilities and limitations. Overpopulation Overpopulation has beenRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration Essay1913 Words   |  8 Pagesconcept of space exploration was first introduced to the American public in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy famously stood before congress and vowed that America would put a man on the moon â€Å"within the decade.† With hopes of defeating the Soviet Union in the â€Å"Space Race† and gaining a leg-up in the Cold War, NASA funding reached its all-time high in 1965-1966 when about four percent of the federal budget was devoted to exploring space. Since then however, funding dedicated to exploring space has nose-divedRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1207 Words   |  5 Pages Keep Spreading Human Footprints into the Space The space is always full of mysteries embellished with humans’ fantasy. Developing from the ancient theory of â€Å"round sky and square earth† to the Big Bang theory and even sending astronauts to other planets, humans use their intelligence to satisfy their curiosity towards the universe. The new discoveries and achievements along with the space programs show the competence of humans and prove the necessity to keep exploring the universe with human. AlthoughRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1464 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Because our future depends on it, humanity must continue to invest in space exploration.. Technologies from the space program can be used to benefit the world and everyday life. Space flight encourages scientific aspirations and therefore more college educated people. The answers to the most deep-rooted questions of humanity lie in space. Who are we, why are we here? Are we alone? Why spend money on spaceflight when we have plenty of problems here on earth? The money that we spend on spaceflightRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration2341 Words   |  10 PagesSpace exploration has opened up so many new aspects to what is really out there and we have accomplished many things in terms of discovery and proof. There are issues involved with space exploration, though, such as space debris, astronaut safety, and the theory of space exploration really being a mission to find an alternative livable space if Earth ever becomes uninhabitable. Understanding the real reasons why we are going t o such great lengths to find life in space could change the outlook onRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration Essay2288 Words   |  10 Pagestriumphs in the fields of space exploration and aeronautics. The forefront of this â€Å"Space Race† arguably began with the Sputnik, a Russian artificial satellite launched in the late 1950’s. Following the launch of Sputnik 1, the genesis of American competitive space exploration built roots in the formation of NASA under the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 under a premise of competitive space exploration and continued discoveryRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1982 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Since the beginning of the Space Race between the US and USSR, human civilization began to step forward into a new era of space exploration. Numerous artificial objects were sent onto the earth orbits for various purposes. Their existence brought human race a broader vision and deeper understanding upon the outer space. However, many of them and parts remain in space. Some were retired and deserted, and some shattered into pieces. 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Space exploration is â€Å"the investigation, by means of manned and unmanned spacecraft, of the reaches of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere and the use of the information so gained to increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit humanity† (Logsdon). A spacecraft is a vehicle designed for travel or operation in space beyond the earth s atmosphere or in orbit around the Earth. (dictionary.com). Advances in technology in the 20thRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration2152 Words   |  9 Pagescost of space exploration is too high, and therefore new technological developments should be left to the private sector rather than the taxpayers pockets. Some feel that the funding of NASA and space exploration is no longer necessary or important, but whether funded privately or b the government, funding of space exploration is imperative because NASA is essentially the only agency with the technological capabilities to support aircraft manufacturing, air safety, and air transportation. Space exploration

Principles of Criminal Law and Business Law

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Criminal Law and Business Law. Answer: Introduction: One of the trials that have been ongoing in the recent past and had and a judgment made in the recent past is that of Michael Geoffrey Hutchison who was accused of murdering his wife. The defendant had been charged with killing his wife in the march of 2015 after she went missing. There have been many incidences that have come within the trial, but the judgment made it clear that Michael was not guilty of murder as charged but rather manslaughter. Michael had been accused of killing his wife after he found out that she was about to know the details him mortgaging their family house without first consulting her (Smith, 2017). However, there was no sufficient evidence to link the defendant to the murder, and thus there was the need to acquit him of the offense. However, a few details from his past whereby he claimed to have fraudulently obtained about $30000 from Barclays finance limited resulted to his credibility being brought into books. Michaels father who was also brought to the t rial as a witness claimed that his son had told him that he had disposed the body but could not altogether state where the body was buried. It is crucial to note that at this point, the police and other investigations bodies have not been able to recover the body for further forensic analysis. This issue complicates the issue since there is a lack of evidence to support the case brought forward by the defendant. The court ruled for the defendant exonerating him from the murder accusation but stating that he was guilty of manslaughter There are some key legal issues that need to be proven in this situation to understand whether the defendant was guilty of murder or not. One of the key legal issues that were a matter of contention, in this case, is that of Mens Rea. Mens Rea is described as the guilty mind that pushes one to commit a crime (Moore, 2010). In each and every crime that takes place, the individual accused must have planned before hand to undertake the action. This state of the mind that places one in such a situation is what leads the person to commit the crime, and the prosecutor must be able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had pre-planned the action (Asworth Horder, 2013). In this scenario, there is no evidence presented to the jury to showcase that Michael had pre- planned to kill his wife while taking the mortgage. It is also essential to understand that by taking the mortgage, the action has no direct relation to the death or disappearance of the wife. Although the defendant had previous cases of crime, there was no evidence linking him with engaging in a physical confrontation but rather fraud. The precedence of the DPP V Morgan required the court to understand the intention of the piece of legislation rather than trying to impose it on defendants (Farmer, 2017). The prosecution also needs to showcase the how past activities may have led to the crime having to take place. The other legal issue that requires being identified in this case is that of Actus Reus. Actus Reus is described as the criminal act that occurred. For a crime to take place their need to ensure that a criminal offense took place (Lanham et al., 2006). One cannot be claimed to have committed a crime in any case the actual action cannot be proven. In the case, presented the prosecution cannot show that the actual action took place and are accusing the defendant just out of assumptions. The prosecution must also present evidence to the court that aims to prove that the accused took part in the crime (Saree, 2016). The other factor that is considered in determining whether an act was a crime is determining whether it voluntary or not. It is important to understand that if a person undertook an action involuntarily, they could not be blamed for the same. It is also very essential to ensure that Michael, the defendant is undertaken for psychological tests to determine whether his mind is in stable condition. This is because this can work in his defense if he is found to have some mental instability (Wondemaghen, 2014). One of the important factors that should be noted is that Mens Rea and Actus Reus go hand in hand and they must be proven for a person to be found guilty. The absence of one from the proceedings relegates the same from being a crime. To deal with this issue, I would take several approaches. One of the approaches I would undertake is ensuring that there are witnesses and sufficient evidence. As far as this case is concerned no sufficient evidence that was presented. Therefore, it would be an injustice to have the defendant being found guilty. The prosecution has the mandate to ensure that the jury is convoked beyond any reasonable doubt. In this case, the court acquitted the defendant of the murder charges but found him culpable of manslaughter. In consideration of the judgment, I think the jury was right to acquit the defendant of murder charges; however, they should also have had him acquitted of the manslaughter charges. This is because there was no evidence whatsoever that linked the defendant to the murder of the victim and has the proceedings showcase the victim disappeared, and no one is sure of her death. This is based on legal requirements that need the same to be proven before one can be found guilty of a crime (Quilter, 2014). References Smith,L. (2017, March 22). Retrieved from www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/crime-and-justice/townsville-jury-reaches-verdict-in-hutchinson-murder-trial/news-story/586c223a7d51c7e06efddb00b5ac1f59 Moore, N. J. (2010). Mens Rea Standards in Lawyer Disciplinary Codes.Geo. J. Legal Ethics,23, 1. Ashworth, A., Horder, J. (2013).Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press. Lanham, D., Wood, D., Bartal, B., Evans, R. (2006).Criminal laws in Australia. Federation Press. Sarre, R. (2016). Recent legal developments in Australia.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,49(1), 152-156. Wondemaghen, M. (2014). Depressed but not legally mentally impaired.International journal of law and psychiatry,37(2), 160-167. Quilter, J. (2014). One-punch laws, mandatory minimums and'alcohol-fuelled'as an aggravating factor: implications for NSW criminal law. Farmer, L. (2017). DPP v. Morgan.